Ahtna Dictionary — US

in

I looked at it

caribou

I sat

his/her/their

to be gray

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

his/her/its mother

verbal stem

to roll

gray

his/her/its parent

a singular subject swims on the surface

Verbal stem

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

stone or rock

lake trout

to be tan

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

ice cream

third-person singular form of ghanii

Verbal stem

a fox barks

dried fish

third-person singular form

who?

medicine

it smells

lake

Verbal stem

mud

a hard stone

to be broad

Verbal stem

axe

snare for large game

his/her mind

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

to have hunting luck

Verbal stem

to rain

Verbal stem

to be big

Verbal stem

while one sleeps

ermine

yearling cow moose

he/she is resting from exhaustion

Verbal stem

down to the base

ermine

verbal stem

stick

arrow

canoe

axe

woodpecker

Verbal stem

verbal stem

big

tip

arctic tern

young man

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

young men

he/she is pretending to walk along

Verbal stem

alternative form of cogh

to sizzle

more

classificatory root for food

least weasel

Marks an indefinite possessor; one's.

food

groceries

someone's parent

Verbal stem

indefinite form of -e

someone's parent

the Big Dipper

indefinite possessed form of -cii

woman's blouse

previously

indefinite possessed form of -deʼ

someone is crying

January

riddle

dry hide or skin

knee

war

meat from the area of a moose hump

indefinite possessed form of -ghaʼ

someone's finger

someone's tooth

he/she is having difficulty

medicine

indefinite possessed form of -kʼax

someone's way

indefinite neck

Verbal stem

a hand

indefinite possessed form of łet

dog pack

someone's fish spawn

mask

he/she is stirring something

they (indefinite) are not crying

spleen

someone's father

he/she moves something unspecified

skirt

skirt

some rope

bar

red-tailed hawk

someone's excrement

smith

hammer

smell

someone's head

file

someone's bone

to be stretched

indefinite possessed form of -tʼoseʼ

he/she is eating something

inside something

he/she customarily eats something

third-person indefinite perfective of idzaex

a skin, tanned pelt

someone's liver

he/she has an appetite, eats well

with something

placenta

they (indefinite) did not do it (to someone/something)

backbone of a fish

Verbal stem

he/she desires something

to strike with quills

someone should eat

an animal spirit that can cause sickness

they (indefinite) should not do it

he/she should eatsomething

d-classifier

Yes/no question marker

a singular subject sits

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

his/her/its own parent

it is black

plural subjects experience an event

sandhill crane

shallows

plural subjects go, walk, (of fish) swim, (of bird) fly

axe

hatchet

among the branches of a tree

skirt

skirt

there is a noise

he/she knows information or stories

he/she is carrying plural objects along

he/she is dragging it along (a d-gender object such as wood or a plant)

in the past

Verbal stem

verbal stem

in the past

reflexive form

Dall sheep

reflexive form of mother

stick or log

arrow

reflexive possessed form of -deʼ

one's own knee

clothing

singular reflexive possessed form of -ghaʼ

reflexive possessed form of -ghedzeʼ

his/her/its own tooth

by oneself

one's own neck

blood

Verbal stem

one's own hand

it is forked

they are having fun, celebrating, shouting, making noise

a lake or body of water is in position, is there

clock

it snaps, crackles, pops

their own fish spawn

it is black

to know (a skill)

person

singular reflexive possessed form of -naenʼ

a people, tribe

four (things)

four

forty

fourteen (things)

fourteen times

fourteen people

Verbal stem

bearberry

forty

four times

four people

in four places

money

moose

to be heavy

I say

one's own taeł

one's own father

one's own bottom

one's own rope

their own excrement

his/her/its own head

one's own bone

his/her/its own hair

cow moose

spruce grouse

within itself

singular reflexive possessed form of ses

my/your/his/her/its own liver

it is dry

suffix for multiples of ten

it is in position

with oneself

coat

mountain

Denali

he/she/it is moving it (a wooden object)

one hundred

mountain

in

to shoot an arrow

singular reflexive pronoun

verbal stem

Verbal stem

one's own mind

verbal stem

rotten wood for smoke-dyeing

bull caribou

you say

to be short, near

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

thick moss

Verbal stem

algae

verbal stem for specific roots

Verbal stem

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

Verbal stem

to be cold

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

alternative form of dloʼ

to laugh

Verbal stem

laughter

Mouse

Verbal stem

to burst

you all know (imperfective)

taut, firm

to be taut

verbal stem

verbal stem

around here

around here

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

small, hard excrement

verbal stem

Verbal stem

silty, murky, or cloudy water

to caulk, smear with pitch or resin

day

during the day

in the daytime

to shine

gum, resin

heart

to (pose a) riddle

strangely

to chop

mountain

horned lark

rock ptarmigan

muskrat

verbal stem

first-person singular future negative of zdaa

second-person singular future negative of zdaa

separating

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

to be round

to dance

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

you all will not see it/him/her

against

I

verbal stem

here!

small fish hook

to rot

mittens

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

bird

small bird

to be stout, fat, thick, girthy

snare for small game

Verbal stem

little

hardwood

clothing

Verbal stem

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

to stab, spear, poke

snow bunting

mountain

to become dry

dirt

snowshoe hare

to be white

white

spit, skewer, stick for roasting

one hundred

alternative form of ggay (‘to be white’)

to move a flexible object

Verbal stem

a small awl used for minor surgery

Verbal stem

to be pocked

wild celery

Verbal stem

insect, bug

Marks the progressive and future modes

in relation to, about, concerning

the length of

frog croaks

speed

to kill plural objects

Verbal stem

make noise

Verbal stem

verbal stem

Verbal stem

verbal stem

to be dark

Verbal stem

Canada goose honks

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

it is rolling along

wagon

moon

it was fat

to growl

there

he/she is walking along

to be crazy

he/she/it is moving it

it is moving

caribou

he/she is working

Verbal stem

second/third-person singular perfective of zdaa

frog croaks

Verbal stem

flowed

you looked at it

it was in position

optative mode marker

to scrape

verbal stem

Verbal stem

to boil

to bend

second-person singular optative of zdaa

you should eat

optative of yiłʼaan

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

verbal stem

verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

berry

Verbal stem

sixty

six times

six

sixteen (things)

sixteen times

sixteen people

sixty

six people

to grumble

Of unclear meaning

button

button

button

cat

wishing that, hoping that

verbal stem

coffee

coffee

button

A thematic prefix appearing in a single verb theme related to playing

their own parent

reflexive form of -e

their own parents

their own knees

plural reflexive possessed form of -ghaʼ

their own fingers

their own bone/root

by themselves

their own necks

their own hands

their own fish spawn

plural reflexive possessed form of -naenʼ

plural reflexive possessed form of taeł

their own father

themselves' bottoms

their own rope

Their own excrement

their own heads

their own parent

plural reflexive possessed form of -tʼoseʼ

plural reflexive form of -yii

their own livers

plural reflexive possessed form of -iineʼ

work

doll

really

marks a third-person plural possessor; their

morning twilight

their hair

their hair

their people

snow bunting

snow bunting

third-person plural possessed form of -ggotʼ

their fur/hair

their fingers

their bone/root

in that place

their throats

floor

ten things

ten times

ten people

their hands

their smoke

their (plural) dogs

their/its fish

their mothers

house

third-person plural possessed form of taeł

their father

their bottom

their ropes

Their excrement

western Ahtna people

their nose

bridge

their (plural) younger sibling

warm weather

really

people of a place

really

their vaginas

inflection of -yii

their livers

with it (in that area/place)

they did not do it (to someone/something)

they see it

they should eat

they have been burned

optative of yiłʼaan

they should not see

they should not do it

they are not (imperfective)

third-person plural optative negative of yuzii

they will not call them

they will call

third-person plural optative of yuzii

they are calling

they did not call him/her

his/her/its container

his/her/its hair

his/her/its hair

he/she is feeding him/her something

it sees it

his/her/its (deʼ)

he/she will see it

he/she will not see it

he/she looked at the d-gender object

did not see it

may he/she/it see it

optative negative of yiłʼaan

he/she caulks it

his or her knee

his/her tooth

his/her/its finger

third-person singular possessed form of xez

they looked at it

for

light

like him, her, or it

his or her neck

his or her hand

his/her/its smoke

his/her/its tail

I am making it

his or her mother

I sit

I am not crying

I cried

they will do it

his or her taeł

they will see him, her, or it

his or her father

his or her bottom

to harden

third-person singular possessed form of tlʼuuł

his/her younger sibling

his/her/its head

its bone

her/his vagina

he/she eats it

inside it

third-person singular possessed form of -zetʼ

third-person singular obviate form of ʼeł

it will happen (indefinite)

they

for

Classificatory root

Verbal stem

on the surface

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

to sew

Verbal stem

verbal stem

verbal stem

to chop

Verbal stem

wood is in an unstacked pile or heap

to go in a boat

to track

verbal stem

verbal stem

Verbal stem

to buy

Enclosed object moves

verbal stem

Verbal stem

an area is gray

to taste

the dogs are howling now and then

Verbal stem

chief

chiefs

to cough slightly

beluga whale

themselves

Verbal stem

areal form of -e

it became foggy

to become foggy

they know (imperfective)

Verbal stem

northern flying squirrel

verbal stem

they are unconscious

flying squirrel

they caulk it

they saw it

they are not crying

verbal stem

they will do/make it

third-person plural perfective of idzaex

areal prefix

person

no

house

foam

we say

worse

seventy

seventy

seven times

seven

seventeen (things)

seventeen times

seventeen people

seven (people)

fire

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

to have a dwelling, to be married, to mate

vomit

their

their parent

third-person plural possessed form of -cii

he/she is neat, orderly

mosquito

third-person plural possessed form of -ggotʼ

third-person plural possessed form of -ghaʼ

their (plural) aunt

their bone/root

they looked at the area

it was in position

their way

their throats

their hands

cracked area

their smoke

he/she is not afraid

their (plural) dogs

the ground is soft

their noses

they are making it in an area

areal optative of yiłʼaan

that it not be kept by someone or something

their mothers

third-person plural possessed form of taeł

they will see (an area)

their father

it will be in position

their bottom

their ropes

their excrement

their hair

their parent

their hair

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

third-person plural form of -yii

marmot

their (plural) -zetʼ

it is in position

their parent/mother

may it be in position

third-person plural form of -e

with them

third-person plural possessed form of -iineʼ

emphatic enclitic

whetstone

to burn

Verbal stem

to cut open

verbal stem

to be fat

to be angled

negative particle

no

no

Verbal stem

verbal stem

to be cold

willow

gun, rifle

alder

ninety

nineteen (things)

nineteen times

nineteen people

nine (things)

skin/bark is exposed

cloud

roe (fish eggs)

female fish

l-classifier

to be many

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

a shortcut to

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

doll

to be

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

Verbal stem

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

Verbal stem

verbal stem

verbal stem

to cook by boiling

a fish swims

gloves

butterfly

Verbal stem

it is gray

it (an animal) is big

It cracks

Verbal stem

to flow

Verbal stem

a smudge or smokey fire burns

to urinate

Verbal stem

apparently, evidently

it is white

linen

to sing

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

negative particle

it is fat

it is yellow

to drag

to eat a stringy object

verbal stem

verbal stem

verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

dirt

he/she is becoming

old person

alternative form of łi-

mud

smoke

urine

Verbal stem

Joining prefix

male dog

husky

dog

dog house

dogs are barking

puppy

dog pack

old dog

dog excrement

old dog

dogs

eight times

eight (things)

eighteen (things)

eighteen times

eighteen people

eighty

eight (things)

eighty

eight (people)

he/she is walking around

an enclosed or sheathed object is in position

a singular subject lies dead or comatose

alternative form of nełteni

rotten wood used to smoke-dye skins

whirlwind

wind

apparently

he/she is packing something around

he/she is going about chopping something

lynx

they are swimming around

he/she is moving about

a group of them is moving about

salmon

king salmon

he/she is carrying it (e.g. a rope) around

it is drifting around

he/she is directing an activity

glacier

glacier

sore, scab

whitefish

he/she is carrying it around

he/she is swimming around after it

it is snowing

to have, keep a compact object in position

lake

you (singular)

down

to move

twenty

twenty-one

twenty

twice

the squeal of a rabbit being killed

sleep

to drink

fresh fish

Verbal stem

verbal stem

I am going back

Verbal stem

two people

Verbal stem

in two directions

human body

your parent

two

twelve things

twelve times

twelve people

verbal stem

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

we

to be long

verbal stem

he/she is going along looking

upriver

fox

frog

horsetail

coltsfoot

a current is flowing down

perfect of naghilen

a fabric-like object moves independently

to disappear

wounded person or animal

wolverine

coltsfoot

lesser scaup

butterfly

fruit or vegetable

optative of naghilen

Verbal stem

salmon roasted on a spit

future of naghilen

ocean

coastal brown bear

Verbal stem

over there

sun

copper

swimming

your parent

Forms wh-question interrogative adverbs.

wherever

second-person singular form of -e

our base

first-person plural possessed form of -ggotʼ

first-person plural possessed form of -ghaʼ

our fingers

our thing (xez)

our way

God

our neck

wedge for splitting wood

our hands

it is spherical, round

common scoter

our dogs

thunder

he/she/it has his/her/its eyes closed

to be numerous

our fish spawn

you

first-person plural possessed form of -aan

our mother

happiness

land

to be tasty

verbal stem

do not like

old men

old man

our taeł

our father

first-person plural possessed form of -tlʼaʼ

our rope

our excrement

our hair

our parent

first-person plural possessed form of -tʼoseʼ

inside us

our -zetʼ

it is in position

Verbal stem

first-person plural possessed form of -aan

our parent

first-person plural form of -e

with us

chickadee

your knee

your tooth

your grandmother

your bone/root

you

your (plural) parent or aunt

second-person plural form of -e

second-person plural possessed form of -iineʼ

Terminative prefix

to tell

lynx

short-tailed weasel, ermine

to say or think

to move the hand or feel

Verbal stem

verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

your mind

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

each other

each other's parent

a current is flowing

indefinite possessed form of -ggotʼ

indefinite possessed form of -ghaʼ

each other's fingers

someone's bone/root

indefinite form of -kʼe

each other's neck

indefinite possessed form of hand

indefinite possessed form of taeł

someone's father

indefinite possessed form of -tlʼaʼ

indefinite possessed form of tlʼuuł

Someone's excrement

someone's head

some bone

indefinite possessed form of -tʼoseʼ

indefinite possessed form of -zetʼ

each other's parent

indefinite form of -e

with each other

indefinite possessed form of -iineʼ

a current flows to a stopping point

land

cloudberry

wounded person or animal

like you

your neck

your hand

your dog pack

your tail

your mother

second-person plural imperfective negative of nizen

your taeł

your father

your butt

second-person singular possessed form of tlʼuuł

your younger sibling

your hair

your bone

your vagina

you

creature

fox

island (on a river)

porcupine

alternative form of nuu

you (plural)

he/she is eating it

in you

second-person singular possessed form of -zetʼ

with you

third-person plural optative of zdaa

you

optative of nilen

optative of yiłʼaan

first-person singular optative of zdaa

third-person singular optative negative of zdaa

I should eat

stop it!

my

sun

yawning

age

sand

Verbal stem

rainbow

my parent

Verbal stem

alternative form of saeʼ

box, especially one made of bark

summer

in the summer

verbal stem

Saliva

small sockeye salmon

sugar

mountain goat

my husband

child

mustard (plant)

child

baby

crippled person

apart

blanket

arctic grayling

first-person singular form of -e

small grayling

sweat

footwear, shoes, boots

spiritual power

skin

ram

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

scar

belt

steambath

scar

my knee

first-person singular possessed form of -ghaʼ

my grandmother

my bone/root

Fright

I

my mind

Verbal stem

embers

spoon

like me

my neck

my hand

my dog pack

my fish spawn

my mother

frost

star

falling star, shooting star

bear

ram

my taeł

my father

it froze

my butt

first-person singular possessed form of tlʼuuł

my younger sibling

my head

my younger sibling

my vagina

emphatic enclitic

very

nicely

Verbal stem

verbal stem

American robin

inside me

first-person singular form of ʼeł

among, during

thirty

thirty

three times

three things

three

three things

thirteen (things)

thirteen times

thirteen people

Verbal stem

Classificatory root

three people

Verbal stem

soup

to kick, move the foot

in three ways

three things

rough seas

top of a hill

third-person singular future of zdaa

top of a hill

he/she is wading along in the water

there is a puddle

there customarily are puddles

a singular animate noun lies, reclines

mat, bedroll

verbal stem

verbal stem

underwater

among

river otter

Verbal stem

future of nilen

the water is yellow

water is moving

foam

Verbal stem

third-person singular future negative of zdaa

he/she will lie down

Verbal stem

headwaters of a river

upper Ahtna people

clock

yellowish overflow water

black spruce

plural objects are floating in the water

he/she is keeping an enclosed or sheathed object in position underwater

sail

an elongated object (e.g. a canoe) is in the water

stick or log

arrow

underwater

fishing net

algae

beaver (hunting name)

the bottom or floor of a body of water

horsetail

ice

trail

hill

it is starting to freeze

night

moon

cane

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations

out

container

Verbal stem

Verbal stem

verbal stem

wolf

wolf

we know (imperfective)